The Social Behavior Coding System (Guevremont & Foster, 1993) focuses on four categories of peer interactions:
A child with ADHD also may show deficits in adaptive functioning (Patterson, 1982; Roizen, Blondis, Irwin, & Stein, 1994; Sikora, Vora, Coury, & Rosenberg, 2012). Too frequently, children and adolescents with ADHD are involved in mishaps and accidental injuries (Cuffe, Moore, & McKeown, 2005; Matheny & Fisher, 1984). Adaptive functioning refers to skills that allow the individual to be more self-managing, that is, to be able to responsibly take care of him or herself. More specifically, this refers to:
A child who is deemed to be highly responsible socially is more likely to be asked to do particular chores, or to be allowed out of the adult's sight for relatively extended periods of time, under the assumption that the child will not get into trouble (Barkley, 1997b).
There are a number of adaptive behavior inventories and questionnaires available with acceptable psychometric properties. A comprehensive but time-consuming way of assessing adaptive behavior is the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (Vineland-III) (Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Saulnier, 2016). The Vineland-III is appropriate for the birth-to-90-year-old group and is administered as an interview with a respondent familiar with the child. The assessment lasts 20–60 minutes. Four domains describe the person's adaptive functioning. The domains are:
A maladaptive behavior index (which measures internalizing and externalizing behaviors) is also provided. Another measure of adaptive behavior is the Normative Adaptive Behavior Checklist (NABC) (Adams, 1984). The NABS is a checklist, so it does not take up any of the clinician's time; typically, the parents will complete this form.
Children with ADHD perform less well than their peers on individually administered achievement tests (Barkley et al., 1990; Heward et al., 2022; Jitendra et al., 2008); their performance in their daily classroom tasks and homework assignments is also inconsistent (Barkley, 1990b; Heward et al., 2022; Power et al., 2006; U.S. Department of Education, 2006).
It is in these areas that intervention with academic behaviors is most likely to be needed. For example, in one study 75% of children with ADHD were underachieving in reading, spelling and mathematics; furthermore, 33% were a full grade behind in two academic areas (Cantwell, 1986). These findings were replicated in New Zealand and showed similar trends: Eighty percent had learning problems and approximately fifty percent had difficulties in at least two academic areas (McGee & Share, 1988). These problems do continue into adolescence: One study found that three times as many adolescents with ADHD had failed a grade as had their normal peers (Barkley, 1990b).