Key Elements in Programs Designed to Improve Adolescent Literacy Achievement in Middle and High Schools (Biancarosa & Snow, 2006, p. 12)

  1. Direct, explicit comprehension instruction
  2. Effective instructional principles embedded in content
  3. Motivation and self-directed learning
  4. Text-based collaborative learning
  5. Strategic tutoring
  6. Diverse texts
  7. Intensive writing
  8. A technology component
  9. Ongoing formative assessment of students
  10. Extended time for literacy
  11. Professional development
  12. Ongoing summative assessment of students and programs
  13. Teacher teams
  14. Leadership
  15. A comprehensive and coordinated literacy program

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